Global Warming Assignment Summary Essay Example

Global Warming Assignment Summary Paper The Earths atmosphere contains gases that naturally help to hold in heat, these natural Greenhouse gases keep our atmosphere warm long after the sun has set and absorb the Suns heat during the day, keeping temperature from getting to high. Over the past 100 years, humans have altered the chemical composition of the earths atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases,therefore rest Ting in Global Warming. Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide. Certain human activities, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is released when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil,natural gas, and coal), and wood are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the raising of livestock. Finally Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities. What are some of the effects, due to global warming? Surface temperatures eave increased 1. ICC-ICC since the late 1 9th century. The 20th centurys 10 warmest years have all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent and globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Global warming has also decreased snow cover in the northern hemisphere,and melted glaciers. Changing regional climate could alter crops yields, water supplies,and forests. It could also affect the health of ecosystems, animals and even humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Assignment Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Assignment Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Assignment Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Industrialized Slave Labor Essays

Industrialized Slave Labor Essays Industrialized Slave Labor Essay Industrialized Slave Labor Essay Essay Topic: Twelve Years a Slave Industrialized Slave Labor BY Beloved358 When one views slave labor, vision usually comes to mind. Most people when they view slave labor from a 19th Century perspective, view it as a large Southern style plantation where the main house has servants and the fields have slaves toiling over cash crops such as cotton or tobacco with a master overseeing the progress of the slaves. On occasion, this would be the ideal for some parts of the Southern countryside, such as societal functions, and the economy, but one must not overlook how slaves also played a role in the development of industries and factories. While it is true that the North had many factories and grew quicker than the South, the South also tried to keep up with competition through urbanization and sporadic factories around the Southern region. One problem facing Southerners was the refusal to perform any manual labor that would equate with the slave population. l Many white southerners refused to perform tasks that were equal to the slave population or work alongside them. Slave labor had a important role in the ongoing development of industrialization, primarily factories, in many Southern cities such as Baltimore, Maryland, Richmond, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina which brought on many changes in economic, social, and cultural changes not only in Southern communities, but also in the black community as well. The institution of slavery not only affected the slaves, but the entire South. Since the South was a part of the United States, if had much in common with other Americans, such as a shared history, language, religion, and government. But, one thing differed from other Americans outside of the South and that was the difference between black and white. Because the South was a slave society, many different aspect of southern society evolved around slavery. Because of this, slavery affected every inch of southern society and industry was also one that was affected by its institution. Slavery can be viewed as a legal institution that bought property, humans, to be used as chattel labor or for other services. Slavery is not a moral category, comparable to good manners or honesty; it is an institution performing various functions, in particular that of providing an important part of the labour supply. 2 That view, was the viewpoint of most people who had or owned slaves. There was no universal legal definition of slavery. However, when viewing the Southern institution of slavery, legal elements such as a claim of ownership, heritability (the status of children of slaves and slavery from birth, responsibilities, etc. Indentured servitude did exist, but as time went on and industries were coming to fruition in the south, slavery for life as well as hereditary slavery became the norm for the South. 3 Slavery was viewed with pride by southerners. Many looked to well-run plantations before industrialization as their reasoning for their near-unanimous enthusiasm for slavery in the south. Slavery was looked upon as the southern prosperity and the ey to Howe, Daniel w. What Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815- 1848. New York: Oxford university Press, 2007. pg. 132. 2 Morris, Thomas D. Southern Slavery and the Law: 1619-1860. Chapell Hill, NC: University North Carolina 1996, 426. 3 the continuation of the traditions, morals, and values of southern society. Slavery therefore, was key to not only the agricultural society of the south, but also its rise in industrialization as well. Industrialization had started taking place for many years in many parts of the American economy and society. Ronald Lewis explains how Although the southern conomy of the eighteenth century was predominately agricultural, the seeds of industrialization took root during the half century prior to the American Revolution,. 5Because of the rise in immigration from Europe and the slave trade that dominated the south, industrialization was needed to help in the ongoing rise of the needs of the people. Daniel Howe explains how The America of 1848 had been transformed in many ways: by the growth of cities, by the extension of United States sovereignty across the continent, by increasing ethnic and religious diversity as a result of both mmigration and conquest-as well as by expanding overseas and national markets, and by the integration of this vast and varied empire through dramatic and sudden improvements in communications. 6The need for the continuation of slavery and its expansion into markets such as the industrial sector in the Southern region was necessary to continue the societal culture and norms. Even though many of the new immigrants coming into the country had knowledge of working in a factory, slaves could become Just as efficient and economical with the same tasks. Ronald Lewis xplains in his book, Coal, Iron, and Slaves: Industrial Slavery in Maryland and Virginia 1715-1865, how the qualities of business and industry in the Old South are often obscured by the pervasive shadow or the plantation. The roar of a blast furnace, or the din of a cotton factory, was more likely to Jar the southern imagination than to capture it, given the Souths traditional idealization of itself as an arcadian paradise. 7 Southern entrepreneurs knew to capitalize on industries and factories as a way to profit. Many of them blended their careers as both an entrepreneur and lanter/salve owner. This tendency was one of the most interesting characteristics of the development of industrialization in the South. Slave owners, planters, and wealthy businessmen who could afford to take risks invested in capital that gave rise to the industrial expansion in the South. Due to this investment by southerners, it would seem obvious that slaves would be required to work in factories Just as much as pick cotton in the fields. Industrialization of the south was by no means and easy task. Slave owners felt anxiety as slaves took work in the factories and questioned the esult that industrialized slavery would be on production, effectiveness, and society. Slave owners felt that if slaves were to be given work in a factory, the loss between owner and slave would give slaves freedom to roam their minds and control. Equally important, many slaveholders viewed cities with deep suspicion as places likely to corrupt, and undermine the subservience of, Currie, Stephen. Peculiar Institution: In Plantation South. Vork: Lucent Books, 2005, 39. 5 Lewis, Ronald L. Coal, Iron, and Slaves: Industrial Slavery in Maryland and Virginia, 1715-1865. westport: Greenwood press, 1979. g. 11 6 4. 7 Lewis, 3. their slaves. There are, you may say, hundreds of Negroes in this city who go about from house to house who never see their masters except at pay day, live out of their yards, hire themselves without written permit This of course is very wrong, and exerts a most injurious influence upon the relation of master and servant. 8 Masters were fearful that slave labor in an industrialized society or an urban society would inevitably make masters lose control of not only their slaves, but also their mode of income due to a loss in efficiency from their slaves. However, due to competition from the ever-industrializing North, the Souths competition and drive would have to make compromises on the fabric of commercial and cultural slavery. Due to this ever rising issue, factory slave labor became more and more common not only because of the industrialization of the North and its competition, but also because it became economically sound practice to employ slavery in factories than hired workers. Slaves were workers who could not quit nor come and go when he/she felt like it. A slave was given shelter, food, and clothing so that the slave performs his/ er work daily without these regards. A slave would also be made to work long hours under brutal conditions with a ruthless overseer only so that his master can profit from his labor. A wage laborer though, could do the opposite in almost all conditions. He/she could come and go as one pleases, work long hours but can also have the option to quit, and be able to relocate as needed for food, clothing, and shelter. The only commonality would be the brutality of work and that the master or boss would end up with most of the pay. Another issue could be that of the abilities of the labor that is hired. Many people felt that slaves were incapable of performing industrial work and that slaves would not be able to gain the knowledge or ability to do so. However, white, unskilled labor was no more able and even faced disadvantages that a slave had an advantage in. For example, Unrelenting physical labor in the heat of the furnaces may have been regarded as the urban equivalent of plantation field labor. Blacks were thought to have greater tolerance for working in heat 9 Due to the harsh conditions of plantation labor and heat, it was viewed that blacks physicality and sturdiness made it a perfect fit for some of the extreme limates of the industrial factories of the South. For this reasoning, slaves were put to work in factories that were often torturous and backbreaking heat. Slave labor also gave factory owners a chance to have an abundance of labor. Tredegar Iron Works is a good example of this. Thus it was that in 1847, as the contract expired, Anderson began moving slaves into skilled positions at his furnaces. His plan had the desired effect of reducing costs: a reduction of twelve cents per ton of rolled iron for one example. Being really the only industrialized city that utilized slaves in factories to a arge and successful extent, Richmond had no set guidelines as to how to treat employed 8 Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery:1619-1877. Hill Wang, 2003. 177. 9 Whitman, Price Freedom: Manumission in Baltimore Early National Maryland. Lexington: Press Kentucky, 1997. slaves. Tredegar Iron Works, with Joseph Anderson at its head, set this precedent. 10 White laborers working in the factories or in the cities where the factories were located though did not always welcome having an abundance of slaves in the factories. One such example is where one man explains, If we are to have negro abor in abundance, where will my support come from? If my labor is to be supplanted by that of negroes, how can I 1 Strikes as well as protests from the workers ultimately ensued with the victor being that of the owner. Even though Andersons intent was not to replace his workers with black slaves, he felt precedent to not let his workers tell him what to do with his slaves (property) and that is he did follow the wishes of the protests of the workers, it would mean the downfall of all slavery. 12 Tredegar Iron Works and Mr. Anderson set an example that if workers protested bout the use of slavery in the factories and property rights, it would be in Mr. Andersons right to sue the workers for forming an illegal combination to exclude slaves from his factory. 13 The principle of the case was that if it were to be approved would make the slave property useless and that the owners would be at the will of the worker. The positioning of slavery in industry would also be affected by how the workers felt whom and what should be employed. Transforming from agriculture to industry was no quick matter in southern society. The souths primary economy was based on agriculture and a change from rural to

Textbook Analysis 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook Analysis 5 - Essay Example The books is mostly organized according to chronology of the civilizations and roughly sectioned according to geographic location. The book takes a broad approach to the study of social studies. It is not just a history book, where the overwhelming emphasis is usually on dates, battles and important people. The full scope of the human experience is encompassed on the pages of this text. For example, chapter 4 presents information on the ancient societies of Egypt and Kush. Rather than learning about the pharaoh in abstract terms, the book is adept at showing why pharaoh was central to the lives of all Egyptians through the importance of their religious belief in an afterlife. The book is also good at getting student s to connect with these ancient peoples on a personal level. Each chapter begins with a short reading titled, â€Å"If You Were There†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The student is presented with a situation that is designed to elicit some sort of emotion. For example, the chapter on Egyp t and Kush begins by discussing the influence Egyptian culture had over Kushite culture. The students are asked how they feel about their older sister having a baby and choosing to give it an Egyptian name instead of a Kushite name. These discussions and readings are a strength of this textbook. They allow for spontaneous bits of all the social sciences to come into the discussion, instead of focusing solely on the historical doings of these people. Each chapter in the book is divided into two to five sections. Each one of these section assessments asks questions typical of a social studies textbook. Some are designed to reinforce main ideas and vocabulary presented in the section reading. Other questions are designed to engage the student in higher level thinking by asking them to evaluate a statement from the text or to think critically about information from the section just read. This is not, however the only assessment offered by

Stems Cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stems Cells - Research Paper Example Stem cells refer to undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate and form specialized types of cells; these cells also have the ability for self regeneration. The potential of stem cells to differentiate encompasses the ability to develop and form other cell types. For instance, a totipotent stem cell such as a fertilized egg can develop into cell types such as embryonic membranes. In addition, a pleuripotent stem cell can advance and develop into cell types, which may emanate from all three germinal layers. Self-regeneration entails how stem cells divide, leading to the production of other stem cells. The division takes place symmetrically during the early stages of development. This means that each cell undergoes division, resulting to daughter cells that have the same potential (Panno 1). Later on, asymmetrical division takes place with one of the daughter cells produced during symmetrical division, leading to the production of a stem cell and another cell that has more differentiation. Stem cells tend to occur in most multi-cellular organisms. They have the ability to undergo mitotic cell division and renew themselves. As a result, they may differentiate into numerous specialized cell types Panno 10). There are two main sources of stem cells; these include embryos that may be formed during embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and adult tissue, which can also be referred as adult stem cells. Adult stem cells can also be referred as somatic stem cells; after the development of the embryo, they can be found all over the body. Embryonic stem cells emanate from a human embryo, which can be four or five days in the development phase known as a blastocyst Panno 12). Cloning refers to the process whereby there is the production of multiple offspring that tend to be identical. It entails the asexual production of a copy that looks exactly like the original. For instance, cloning can be used in the production of

History Research paper- Primary source analysis comprasion Paper

History - Primary source analysis comprasion - Research Paper Example the witnesses who made John Adams to be successful in deposing most of them, and eventually defending the soldiers successfully (www.gilderlehrman.org, 2012). By early 1770, Boston had about 15’000 a person with about 4000 British soldiers and the tension was rising. On the evening of March 5th, crowds pelted stones at British soldiers which resulted to the firing at the crowds by the soldiers, killing five inhabitants of the city. The historic engraving by John Revere â€Å"The Bloody Massacre in King-Street,† was produced. This was one of the war propaganda tools at the time. It is however not an accurate representation of the events that actually happened. The engraving shows the soldiers lined up shooting into the crowd and a poem Revere may have actually written. Revere is said to have based his engraving on the actual work of Henry Pelham. The following is observed from the engraving. The British soldiers have lined up with one of them giving the orders to shoot. This suggested the British soldiers were the aggressors. The crowd is seen reacting to the aggression when in fact they are the one who had started the attack. The expression of the soldiers on their faces is sharp while that of the colonists is innocent. These made the British look mean and as if they were enjoying the violence. In another feature of the engraving is that the laborers were dressed decently elevating their stature and how they were perceived by the general population. This clearly shows the biasness of the engraving by leaning on the side of the colonists themselves and portraying the British soldiers in bad light. This bias is also represented by the illustration of the sky which seems to shed light on the atrocities being committed by the soldiers. The unreliability of the engraving is also seen in the Illustration of Crispus Attucks who was an African American but is seen as otherwise not African American. Painting further depiction of the weather conditions at the time of

The Las Vegas Hotel And Casino Industry Tourism Essay

The Las Vegas Hotel And Casino Industry Tourism Essay Commercial Casino Industry has been occurring in United States over 75 years since Nevada legalizing it. When Chef Wolfgang initiated to out fine dining restaurant in commercial casino, this is the beginning of food and beverage revolution in industry in 1992. In 1995, American Gaming Association was created. MGM Mirage acquired Mandalay Resort Group, Harrahs Entertainment Inc. and Caesar Entertainment in 2005 and the commercial casino industry started booming and other states started legalize opening casinos since then. The international gaming industry is expanding. Many U.S. casino companies expanded or planned to expand to other countries such as Macao, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. The international casino industry tends to have rapidly growth as gross gaming revenue in Macao has been more than gross gaming revenue in Las Vegas strip since 2006. Know your enemy and know yourself, and in a hundred battles you will never be defeated. (Sun Tzus The Art of War Writings). This Chinese wisdom of warfare probably helps companies deploy a better strategy in many business situations. The MGM Mirage Inc. is the largest company in the Hotel and Casio industry by revenue in the U.S., but MGM financial statement showed that company bottom-line in debt. The company was facing bankruptcy code in the early 2010. In this project, the report had been organized and presented MGM Mirage Inc. or MGM Resorts International in 4W framework: (1) Who are we? (Company profile, Hotel and Casino industry profile), (2) Where are we? (Sophisticated tools in Management, Technology, Marketing, Financial and Accounting were used to analyze the company position with competitor in the industry.), (3)What are problems? (SWOT analysis) and (4) What are solutions? Who are we? : Know yourself MGM History The Beginning of Las Vegas Race: 2005: MGM Merged Mandalay Bay Group. MGM Profile in 2009 Organization Structure Company Strategy The MGM Mirage Inc. strategy is to generate sustainable, profitable growth by creating and maintaining competitive advantages and through the execution of our business plan, which is focused on: Owning, developing, operating and strategically investing in a strong portfolio of resorts; Operating our resorts in a manner that emphasizes the delivery of excellent customer service with the goal of maximizing revenue and profit; and Leveraging our strong brands and taking advantage of significant management experience and expertise. (Source: MGM Mirage 2010 Form 10-K) Current Operation As of 2009, the MGM Mirage reported that the company has completed control of 14 casino resorts and hold 50% of investment in 5 casino resorts. In addition, the MGM Mirage also owned 3 golf courses in Las Vegas, Mississippi and California.(Source: MGM Mirage 2010 Form 10-K) Casio Resort ( Completely owned) Nevada MGM Grand Las Vegas Mandalay Bay The Mirage Excalibur Monte Carlo Railroad Pass, Henderson Gold Strike, Jean Luxor Bellagio New York New York Circus Circus Las Vegas Other MGM Grand Detroit Beau Rivage , Biloxi, Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica ,Mississippi Casio Resort ( hold 50% in stock) Nevada City Center (Joint Venture with Dubai World) Circus Circus Reno Siler Legacy Other Borgata, Atlantic City, NJ Gran Victoia , Elgin, IL MGM Grand Macau, China Industry Analysis Industry Analysis process is an essential assessment tools for every company to deeply understand industry current trends and opportunities. In fact, company will gain a better position and achieve a competitive advantage when it truly understanding marketplace. In the complex marketplace, the U.S. government is categorized industry with 4-digits Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. In addition to SIC, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is a new standard for the industry. The NAICS with 6-digits code contains more details than the SIC system. The purpose of SIC and NAICS are economy analysis. The MGM Mirage Inc. has been classified with SIC into three major categories: Hotels and Motels (SIC 7011), Coin-Operated Amusement Devices (SIC 7993) and Amusement and Recreation Services, Not Elsewhere Classified (SIC 7999). In addition, the MGM Mirage inc. also has been classified with NAICS into two categories: All Other Amusement and Recreation Industries and Hotels (except Casino Hotels) (713990) and Motels (721110). To thoroughly understand MGM Mirage Inc. marketplace, the hotel industry and casino industry had been analyzed. Hotels and Motels Industry (SIC 7011) The U.S. government defined a company in Hotels and Motels Industry as Commercial establishments, known to the public as hotels, motor hotels, motels, or tourist courts, primarily engaged in providing lodging, or lodging and meals, for the general public. Hotels which are operated by membership organizations and open to the general public are included in this industry. Hotels operated by organizations for their members only are classified in Industry 7041. Apartment hotels are classified in Real Estate, Industry 6513; rooming and boarding houses are classified in Industry 7021; and sporting and recreational camps are classified in Industry 7032. Recession impacts hotel industry In May 2010, Standard Poors industry report stated the hotel industry is still in an unstable condition. The industry will require a longer period to recover from the 2008 recession. Currently, the industry is operating in a difficult situation. The hotel industry is facing drastic competition that forces hotel businesses to lower room rates, which in turn results in lower profit. Figure 1: Hotel Industry Fact Sheet 2001 Forecast 2011 The data from Smith Travel Research (STR) Inc. indicated that on average the hotel industry has lost its Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) since 2008. The 2008 recession has also brought the hotel occupancy rate down from 60% to 55%. In addition, average daily roommate also dropped significantly 8.8% in 2009. Moreover, room demand dropped 6% in 2009. In contrast, the supply of rooms rose 3.2% in 2009 (refer to figure1). While the U.S. government is making their way out from 2008 recession, SPs forecasted that the hotel industry will not return to the same pre-recession level for the next eight to ten years. Figure 2: Percent Change in Room Supply and Demand in the U.S. from 1989 April 2009 Real GDP helps the hotel industry in predicting room demand In the hotel industry, a high accuracy in room demand elasticity estimation provides CEO with essential information for a long term planning and deploying strategies. In 2009, the research by Dr. Hanson from Global Hospitality Group Hospitality Lawyers shows approximately a 1-to-1 relationship that holds between the U.S. Real GDP and room demand until the 2001 economic crisis. The real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services produced in a country and adjusted for priced change. The demand is more elastic when the greater the proportion of income spent on the good. After the 2001 recession, the demand retract and continue to grow in a slower pace when compare with the real GDP. The GDP is increasing 4 times faster than the room demand does. The 5 factors that researcher believes that might have an influence GDP and room demand relationship are: Long-term deterioration in consumer confidence, Higher consumer saving rate, consumers trying to recover lost investment, new pattern of behavior and proposed levels of tax increase affecting disposable income. Moreover, in the 2008 recession, the researcher also believes that the recession might create an additional snap back for room demand. Figure 3: The relationship between GDP and Room Demand U.S. Business and group travel The hotel industry profitability can be influenced by a demand from business travel. According to a member survey, the Association of Corporate Travel Executives (ACTE) reports hotel expense represents, on average, 40% of all business travel expense. In addition, American Express stated that airfare will increase from 2% to 10% in 2011, and hotel rates will increase 1% to 10% (Paurowski, 2010). The survey also indicated that 35% of its member strongly considered optimizing hotel expense in 2011 and 50% of its member expressed concern regard increasing in expenses. Passenger Name Record (PNR) in Computer Reservation System (CRS) showed that cooperate travelers have shifted booking methods from Travel Management Companies (TMCs) to Online Travel Agency (OTA). In fact, 30% of its members stated that online hotel rates offered are lower than negotiated rates. The complementary items that are preferred by the majority corporate travelers are: complementary cocktails, free WiFi-internet ac cess and comfort. In conclusion, the demand for business and group travel will likely be for cheaper rooms at lower rates with free complementary. (Michael Boult, 2010). Domestic and international travelers Shifts in airline schedules and passenger booking have a direct impact on hotel occupancy. According to the data from Air Transport Association (ATA) 2010 annual report, the static in figure 3 shows that domestic capacity had a declining trend since 2000, and the data also showed that passenger enplaned has dropped significantly from 743 million passengers in 2008 to 703 million in 2009 reflecting a 5.3% decrease of airline industry capacity. In fact, profit margin in the airline industry has been on the negative side. Airliners cut back routes and canceled destinations. For international travelers, The U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and Office of Travel and Tourism Industries (OTTI) expect the industry growth in 2010 and gradual increase to approximately 6-9% through 2015. Five countries, excluding Canada and Mexico, that rank highest in number of visitors to the U.S. in 2010 by volume are: China (40%), Brazil (35%), Korea (35%), Hong Kong (27%), New Zealand (24%) and Australia (19%). A weakening in U.S. currency helps the hotel industry by stimulating the demand from international travelers. Figure 3: Domestic Demand Trend, Profitability among Airline, Passenger Yield Trend Medical tourism -a little hope for the hotel industry In the economic downturn, hotel industry needs a stimulant plan to boot-up its occupancy rate. In 2009, Reuters Health section provided some interesting facts about medical tourism in the U.S. The report indicated that U.S. health providers have lost 650,000 patients to hospital oversea such as Thailand, India, and Singapore. In addition, the health providers are predicted to lose as much as $67.7 billion in revenue in 2010. Oscar Goodman, Mayor of Las Vegas, foresee the opportunity for the hotel industry in Las Vegas. Mayor encourages a local business to support the idea of medial tourism. The medical tourism will be an alternative business in the area, the national public radio reported. Casio Industry Casinos are the largest revenue generator in the gambling industry. The industry provided approximately 350,000 jobs in the U.S. market. The American Gaming Association and the National Indian Gaming Association (NIGA) are the main organizations in the U.S. casino industry. The AGA encourages its members and their employee to be aligned with updated law and regulations. Moreover, AGA is a realizable source for a gaming industry providing gaming history, educational program, and statistic data on the Casino industry. In addition, the NIGA under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act has provided Native Americans opportunities to legally run casinos. U.S. casino trends The casino industry has been hard-hit by the recession. According to the United States department of labor, the Mass Layoff statistics (MLS) program showed that the hotel-casino industry eliminated 13,000 jobs in 2008 (Labor, 2010). The revenue trend in the casino industry has been on a downturn for the last two consecutive years. The SP expected a slow recovery from the casino industry. Las Vegas, Nevada As of 2009, the American Gaming Association reported that Las Vegas with $5.55 billion in revenue was a dominant U.S. market. According to Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (LVCVA), the statistic in figure 5 showed a 2.4% increase in the number of visitors from 2009. The Las Vegas Strip gaming revenue was increased by 4.3%, but the downtown area gaming revenue was decreased by -7.3% from 2009. In 2009, the 14% unemployment rate in the state Nevada plummeted the economic trail. On a carryover impact from the economic crisis in 2008, the number of attendees at conventions, and a number of scheduled conventions and number of meetings held remained on the decline with decreases of -1.1% and -6.7% respectively. According to the Las Vegas Visitor Profile, Market Segment reported by LVCVA (2009) that 76% of Casino guests were most likely to be traveling in a party of two and average stay in Las Vegas is 4 nights. Casino guests on LVCVA survey stated that 87% of visitors called the hotel-casino directly to book their accommodation. In 2010, SPs industry report estimated casino revenue on the Strip to be 35%-45% of total revenues, and the revenue from hotel rooms was 20-30% of the total revenue. A total enplaned and deplaned air passenger continued to decline. The number of air travelers accounts for 42% of all visitors. (LVCVA visitor profile: ir visitor version). The SPs report indicated strong growth from Las Vegas. Figure 4: U.S. Casino Industry Gaming Revenue Figure 5: Las Vegas Convention and Visitor Authority (LVCVA) : Executive Summary Atlantic City, New Jersey The Atlantic City is a second large of the U.S. casino marketplace. The static in figure 4 shows that casinos in the area have been losing revenue -5.7%, -7.6% and 13.2% in three consecutive years. According to SP, casinos in Atlantic City are facing heavily competition from New York and Pennsylvania. Macau, China: New Era of Asia Gold rush Macau is a special administrative region of China. The CIA The World Factbook reported that, in 2006, Macaus gaming revenue surpassed that of the Las Vegas strip, and gaming-related taxes accounted for more than 70% of total government revenue. The Macau market attracted many casino operators from Las Vegas to come and establish a new home-based outside the U.S. In 2010, the profit in Macau market increased 9.7% in revenue from its loss in 2009. The gaming industry in Macau was expected to rise, but, SP reported a concern about the room surplus of 40% in 2011 and 2012. In the long-term, SP still believes that the Macau gaming industry will generate a significant profit for China. Singapore: A hidden dragon Singapore is the one of the most strategic locations in South-East Asia. According to Economy Watch and World Bank, Singapore is considered to be a very attractive country for new business. Sources in the Wall Street Journal on October 7, 2010 reported that the Marina Bay Sands project is a 8-billion dollar casino in Singapore, known to be the cleanest city in the world. The casino includes three 50-story structure with approximately 2,500 rooms; a casino, retail stores, dining and 800,000 square feet entertainment complex. The SP 2010 industry report predicted that the top five markets for Singapore casinos are: Indonesia, China, Australia, India and Malaysia. In addition, the Marina Bay Sands should have no effect on Macau market because the hotel presents a more family-orientated appeal. Legal and Regulation Internet/Online gambling Online gambling is illegal in the U.S. as of November, 2010. Internet Gambling Regulation, Consumer Protection, and Enforcement Act (H.R. 2266)  was introduced to congress in May 2009 by Frank, Barney  (Rep). The bill is aimed to Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, which prohibits internet gambling operators from receiving money related to any online gambling that violates State or Federal law (Frank, 2010). Online gambling is also on a serious debate among AGA members regarding a safety and government regulation. The concerns regarding an online gambling are a security technology such as firewall to protect million online users. Summary Key Fact from Industry Analysis Room demand dropped because economic recession. Occupancy rate dropped because dropped in demand and increasing room surplus. Real GDP could be used as atool for the hotel industry to future demand. Business Travel booking trends changed from Travel agency to online travel agency. China is a number one inbound visitor by volume from oversea. Medical tourism could be an alternative route for simulating demand. Gaming on Las Vegas Strip continues generating profit. Atlantic City market for casino is not pleasant after loss in profit of 3 consecutive years. Macau is growing and generated more revenue than Las Vegas Strip. Singapore could be a new growing casino market in South-East Asia. Legalize an online gambling is an ongoing process. Casino Market: Oligopoly Market Competition In 2009, the casinos industry had revenue in total of $US 21.8 billion. To determine an economic competitive type of market in the industry, the company uses a four-firm concentration ratio as the indicator. The ratio is the percentage of total industry sales made by the four largest firms (Fig. 4). The four-firm ratio for the casinos industry is approximately 70%, which had created an oligopoly form of market competition. In oligopoly, one firm decision can have a direct influence on demand, price, and profit of competitor in the industry. Figure 5: Companies in the casino industry by revenue Furthermore, external assessment of the industry is a critical process for management in decision making. The Porters Five-Forces Model, competitive analysis tool, has been utilized for in-depth industry analysis. The model analysis is provided five perspectives in assessing the industry: Rivalry among competing firms, Potential entry of new competitor, Potential development of substitute products, Bargaining power of suppliers, and Bargaining power of consumers. Porters Five-Forces Model Analysis Rivalry among existing competitors: MGM : Rivalry among existing competitors : HIGH Same-size competitors High exit barrier Indifferent in product and service among competitors Table x: Threat of existing competitors The competitive atmosphere in hotel industry is high.   There are a lot of competitors in industry.   Furthermore, it seems that competitors compete in same dimension because in commercial casino industry, customers are not much diverse. Therefore, players in this industry found it hard to target different customers with different needs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a lot of competitors with equal power and size.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exit barrier in commercial casino industry is high because a company invests huge amount of money, especially, building cost. Even a company wants to exit from the industry, sometimes it force to stay in because exit costs are high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product and service in commercial casino industry are identical. Moreover, there is no switching cost for buyers. Thus, competitor might cut price to attract buyers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fixed costs are high. In order to compete in hotel industry, a casino manager adopts revenue management. The process allows buyers to stay in same type of room in different price. Even a hotels products and service are not rapidly become outdated but competitive atmosphere in commercial casino industry is hot, therefore, companies cannot make high profit from this industry. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants for hotel and motels industry is low. The industry has significant barriers to entry which include: MGM : Threat of new entrants : LOW Supply-side economies of scale Demand-side benefits of scale Customers switching costs Capital requirements Restrictive government policy Position advantages independent of size Unequal access to distribution channels Table x: Threat of new entrants Supply-side economies of scale:   In commercial casino industry these economies hardly appear. Even a company built more rooms or more recreations in its casino, these economies will not appear. Moreover, the company has to carry more cost, more maintenance cost and more employees cost. Demand-side benefits of scale (network effects): These benefits occur when the numbers of buyer patronize the company. However, these benefits might not occur in commercial casino industry. In commercial casino industry, a company will find advantages in location, facilities and characteristics of personal working in direct contract with customers. Therefore, having a lot of customers patronize a company will not provide huge demand-side benefits of scale. Customers switching costs: In commercial casino industry, when customers purchase service from a casino, it is one time use. Therefore, there is no switching cost. Capital requirements: In order to enter commercial casino industry, a company needs to finance huge budget and the industry return is not attractive. Thus this industry has high barrier. Position advantages independent of size: These advantages are not depends on a companys size, incumbents can have competitive advantages that not available to competitors. These advantages in commercial casino industry can stem from locations, brand identities and service. Unequal access to distribution channels: It is not hard to establish or find distribution channels in commercial casino industry. A company could use agents or let customer books rooms via its websites. Restrictive government policy: There might be some restriction related to commercial industry such in some area government do not allow a company to build a building that higher than 2 floors or in some countries, a company has to has citizens hold more than half of a companys shares to operate in that country. In U.S., commercial casino industry is the most regulated and monitored industry. The threat of substitutes: MGM : Threat of substitutes : HIGH Competitor Table x: Threat of substitutes There are some substitutes for commercial casino such as hostels, apartments or houses. Customers can stay in hostel, apartment or houses and go to gaming or using recreation facilities at casinos. If buyers concern convenience, they might prefer casino. Because they will have maids clean their room and casinos always locate in a convenience location. If buyers concerns price, they might stay in hostel. However, if buyers concern privacy, they might prefer house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no cost of switching to substitute. Buyers can change to substitutes anytime if they would like. Hostels, apartments and house can be substitutes for casinos. They perform similar products and service to casinos, if you concern only hospitality part. However, there are some differences which made substitutes have huge different from hotels. Buyers have to determine trade-off between hotels and substitutes. In this industry, the threat of substitutes is not high because substitutes have too many differences in facilities and service from casinos. Thus, industrys profitability is not suffered from substitutes. The power of suppliers: If suppliers have power over a company, suppliers might set its price higher, limit quality of service and shift its cost to other parties. In commercial casino industry, a company uses wide range of different suppliers such as supplier for construction, supplier for food and beverages and supplier for hotel equipment. There is almost no monopoly in hotel suppliers. Moreover, only a few supplies that have switching cost such as securities equipment and suppliers did not differentiate their products. The company has to differentiate itself by choosing good location, providing well-maintenance facilities and providing supreme service. Furthermore, the company can easily find substitute suppliers. Therefore, the power of suppliers in commercial casino industry is low. The power of buyers: MGM : The Power of Buyer : Table x: The power of buyer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are various customers in commercial casino industry. However, there are some buyers that have ability to negotiate such as group tour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Products and service in commercial casino industry are not much different. If customers find that a hotel that they always stay in is full, they have to stay in other hotel. They have to purchase products and service in some hotel anyway.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buyers have no switch cost. If buyers want to change from a hotel to a hotel, they can just check-in to another hotel without any switching cost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buyers cannot produce industrys product if buyers found that a hotel is too profitable. Buyers can switch to other hotels but they cannot produce it by their selves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In commercial casino industry, buyers do not stick with brands. Buyers might concerns about quality of product and service. If they find another casino that cheaper but quality and facility are same, they will switch to another casino. In sum, in commercial casino industry, buyers are relatively price sensitive. From analysis given above, buyers in commercial casino industry have high power and seem to be price sensitive. They can press companies to lower their price and can ask for more quality and service. Financial and Accounting Analysis The financial information was published annually to external and internal users. MGM Mirage Inc. financial statements had been analyzed using financial ratio analysis and information in management discussion. The median number of industry ratio in 2009 is used in this report. By the nature of hotel business, MGM contains a high fix-cost in normal business operation and profits are driven by tourism and business travel demand. MGM requires a large capital to run its hotels and casinos. In 2010, MGM is in process of development a City Center, a capital intensive driven project. The delayed of City Center project has enormous impact on MGM financial statement. Liquidity and Financial Position Liquidity Ratios Industry 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Current Ratio 1.1 1.28 0.51 0.68 0.92 0.66 Quick Ratio 0.8 1.02 0.2 0.48 0.5 0.48 Credit Risk: Facing Bankruptcy As of December 31, 2009, MGM is in a weak financial position because of its indebtedness. MGM with credit rating of CCC+ operated the business with 39% on the long-term debt. The management team declared unpleasant statement about the $1.1 billion senior credit facility debt which might be defaulted on maturity date in 2010. The management suggests that MGM must extent the payback period by negotiating with their creditors. Also, management has predicted that future revenue from operation and tax refunds would help reducing MGM debt. The current and quick ratio indicated that MGM has had insufficient fund to operate its casino since 2005. With the ratio less than 1 and below the industry average in both current ratio and quick ratio, MGM has been operated on the line of bankruptcy if the company defaults on its debt. Revenue base and mix MGM primary source of revenue came from Las Vegas Strip. As December 31, 2009, the majority of MGM revenue came from three sources: casino (44%), hotel room (23%), and food beverage (23%). Casino revenue dropped 12% from 2008 and it had been on decline trends since 2007. In 2009 MGM financial statement, revenue from casino had been divided into three sub-categories: Table games (36% of total casino revenue), Slots (60% of total casino revenue), and Other revenue. The table game revenue decreased 11%, even though there is 33% increases in demand for baccarat. Sustainability of revenues and earning As of December 2009, MGM **Reasonable Analysis *focus on MDA *Risk and Factor * Note Analyzing financial statement Accounting item to review Cash Flow Profitability ratios MGM profitability ratios are negative in 2010 and 2009 for some ratios. ROA in both 2009 and 2010 are negative. We can break ROA to net profit margin multiply total assets turnover to deepen our analyzing.   Assets turnover ratio shows MGMs ability to use assets generate revenues. MGMs assets turnover ratio decreases from 2007 to 2009. Even this ratio does not decrease much during 3 year period, it made ROA go down. The main factor that has impact on ROA is net profit margin. The MGM has very low net profit margin since 2008. MGMs bad signal shows since 2008. After its net profit margin ratio plunge to -11.86% in 2008 and -21.61% in 2009 which a major factor lowing ROA. From analyzing ROA, we can see that MGM has a problem with maintaining its profit margin. MGMs revenues in 2008 are not much different from 2007, however, MGM cannot control operating expenses, operating expenses in 2007 exceeds revenues. In 2009 MGM revenues decreases by 17%, further, MGMs ability to control its op erating expense decreased. MGMs operating expenses in 2009 is 114.65% from revenues. The major increase in operating expenses in 2008 and 2009 is property transactions. MGMs ability to fulfill its short term obligation is getting better in 2009. Both quick and current ratios go up. The reason both quick and current ratios increase because in 2009 MGM carries more cash. However, MGM debt management ratios worsen. Long term debt to equity ratio increases from 2007 to 2009 results increase in total debt to equity ratio. These ratio shows MGM has larger portion of debt compare to equity. Even MGM carries more long term debt recently; MGM has interest coverage ratio high enough to pay back its interest. But this ratio trend increase in recent year. Hotel operating statistics Asset values Balance sheet ratios Book Value Off-balance-sheet commitments or liabilities Valuation measures Leverage ratios Debt Management 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 LT Debt to Equity 3.35 3.12 1.84 3.38 3.82 Industry Ratio Total Debt to Equity 3.63 3.39 1.84 3.38 3.82 Industry Ratio Interest Coverage 1.66 2.06 1.95 1.93 Industry Ratio Activity ratios Asset Management 2009 2008 2007 2006

Carbon Dioxide In Beverages :: essays research papers

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas, it has a small but sharp odor and a slightly sour taste. Each molecule of carbon dioxide consists of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Its chemical formula is CO2. Carbon Dioxide is about 1.5 times heavier than air. The specific volume at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kilopascals) and 70 º F (21 º C) is 8.74 ft3/lb. Under normal conditions it remains stable, inert and non-toxic. To liquefy CO2 it must be under 300 pound per inch gage(psig) at 0 º F or 838 psig at 70 º F. Above the critical temperature of 87.9 º F, at which all three phases gas, liquid, or solid may exist in equilibrium with one another, CO2 can exist only as a gas, no matter what amount of pressure. When liquid CO2 is cooled to -69.9 º F and the pressure drops to 60.4 psig it turns into dry ice snow. All CO2 existing in the atmosphere is estimated to be 720 x 109. Carbon dioxide makes up about 0.03 percent of the air. Although that is a small amount, plants and animals depend upon it for life. Green plants make their nutrients with it. They mix the carbon dioxide with water to make sugar by a process called photosynthesis. From the sugar, the plants then make starch and cellulose. Animals eat the plants and in getting energy from the food, they produce carbon dioxide and return it to the air as they breathe. Research in Muana Loa and the South Pole showed that CO2 content in the atmosphere has increased from a presumed 250 ppm in the pre-industrial era to 315 ppm in 1958 and to 340 ppm in 1984. If this trend continues the CO2 concentration will reach about 600 ppm in the next century. Besides being produced by breathing, carbon dioxide is formed when carbon-containing materials such as wood, coal, and petroleum products are burned with plenty of oxygen in and around the fire. Carbon Dioxide has found many uses in the industrial world. CO2 is not usually taken from the atmosphere because the concentration is so low. The industrial worldâ₠¬â„¢s CO2 is commercial produced. The CO2 production plant, type CBU, is based on the combustion of oil or gas. The flue gas normally contains sulfur dioxide, which is removed by water and soda lye scrubbing. If combustion is based on sulfur free fuel the soda scrubber can be omitted.

The Nursing Shortage

Melisa A. Smith Dr. Kathryn Skulley Eng 122-500 22 November 2011 Crisis in America Back in the late 1930’s, American men were drafted to go off and fight in World War II while women at home had to learn a new way of life to support their families and support the soldiers. A woman named Florence Nightingale who was recognized as one of the first nurses to care for the wounded soldiers during the Crimean war helped to influence other women to learn how to become nurses and care for the sick and wounded.After the war ended in the mid 1940’s, thousands of soldiers returned home to begin the next chapter in their lives by starting a family while women returned to homemaking. In fact, due to the major population shift after the war, thousands and thousands of babies were born in which it would be named the Baby-Boomer generation. Now fast forward to the year 2010, several decades later, the baby-boomer generation is aging and approaching there sixties and beyond at a time whe n healthcare is beginning to be used more frequently by many others.Now that America is beginning a new era of healthcare with the creation of healthcare reform that soon will create access for the uninsured and underinsured to gain access to healthcare treatments. On March 23, 2010, â€Å"The Affordable Care Act† was signed into law by President Obama that would create healthcare access for millions of Americans. This is turn would create a huge strain on the American healthcare system at a time when concerns are rising due to the increased need of services for the baby-boomer generation and the current nursing population to care for them. You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanIf Americans already planned on facing a nursing shortage with the baby-boomer generation, then how would the shortage affect everyone else when healthcare reform becomes active in the year two-thousand-fourteen? This paper will discuss some individual points more in detail and evaluate the nursing shortage situation from the beginning of nursing history to present day that could affect all healthcare workers now and in the future. The nursing shortage topic in America has always been a debatable question where it will be analyzed further in detail starting with some statistical data.Looking at the national level for current nursing employment, the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics stated that, â€Å"2,655,020 registered nurses were currently employed as of May two-thousand and ten† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics: Occupation section). The information presented here did not account for self-employed nurses or one’s that currently work multiple jobs. Now on a smaller scale looking at the State of Colorado’s population and registered â€Å"nurses per 1000 rate is 7. 98 as compared with a national average of 8. 6 with an additional need of 1,780 nurses to meet the national average† (The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorado's Health Care Workforce 15). The information noted here did not account for rural areas and small towns where the population is considerably lower. Next, the discussion will continue on about nursing school factors affecting the nursing shortage. Additionally when someone is attracted by the potential for a nursing career and advancement, they must look at all avenues first before deciding and making a commitment to nursing school.However, when someone has made the decision to enroll they must take several prerequisite classes and take a nursing entrance exam before being accepted into a nursing program. Furthermore, after students have taken the re quired prerequisites, they may not easily be accepted into a nursing program because of limited number of slots available and teaching constraints. In fact, it has been well observed by many schools that the major factor in the nursing shortage is due to the lack of qualified nursing instructors.In the United States, â€Å"nursing schools turned away 67,583 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate programs in 2010 due to insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors and budget constraints† (2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing 2). Another factor that contributes to the nursing shortage is that nursing faculty members and educators are being lured away from colleges by higher compensation, which in turn reduces the number of potential educators to meet the demands needed.Consequently, most educators are generally older with a limited number of years of teaching left before reti rement which in turn could also leave more potential nurses waiting on a list that could reduce the national shortage. Furthermore, the United States started facing some major healthcare challenges with the baby-boomer generation beginning to impact the healthcare system in two-thousand ten. Now that this generation is in their sixties many of them will be facing increased health problems due to aging thus putting a greater demand on the healthcare system for treatment and prevention.Consequently, this generation will begin turning sixty-five at a rate of approximately ten thousand baby-boomers per day for the next nineteen years starting in the year two-thousand eleven. This in turn will create a huge stressor to the already problematic nursing shortage. In addition to the baby-boomer generation, America will soon be forced to provide healthcare to millions of individuals who previously did not have insurance starting in two-thousand fourteen when the Affordable Care Act goes into full force.Furthermore, â€Å"healthcare reform will soon provide subsidies for thirty-two million citizens to more fully utilize the healthcare system† (Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections 2). This in turn will create a huge stress on the medical profession especially the nursing sector, as the healthcare system is grappling in the shortage of nurses to care for the baby-boomers. Emergency rooms and physicians’ offices will soon be faced with a massive influx of patients to provide care for, which would cause an increased demand for more medical staff including nurses and physicians.Patients then would be going to local hospitals for elective surgeries and diagnostic testing which would cause a surge and a need for more hospital beds to accommodate the needs of patients. When the demand exceeds the amount of resources available people could be facing other challenges such as emergencies or disasters of magnitude. With the introduction of the healthcare reform and the baby-boomer generation, the healthcare system could also be facing emergency preparedness scenarios that have not been attempted before with the combination of emergency disaster plans currently available.Some may remember the hundreds killed and injured from the two-thousand eleven tornado outbreak or the terrorist attacks on the twin towers that caused mass casualties and injured numerous people on September 11, 2001. This is just to name a few disasters that America was impacted by with the need for emergent healthcare services. Additionally in the United States, â€Å"there is little flexibility for unanticipated fluctuations in patient acuity and demand on a daily basis, and an absence of standby capacity for large-scale emergencies† (McHugh 442).Consequently, if the United States doesn’t come up with a large scale disaster plan that has been attempted before, then many will be faced with total destruction and demise. Nurses have gone through the grueling process to begin and succeed in their careers from the dedication of going to school to meet entry level standards, as well as taking the national licensure examination prior to practicing. Some nurses graduate with the expectation that the wages and demands of the job will be satisfying to keep them in their current role.But some people may know very little about the profession until they are faced with the reality of the job demands versus the salary. A new graduate nurse just beginning his/her career maybe making less than the more experienced nurses, but still held to the standard of providing the same type of care to all patients. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the national median wage for registered nurses as of May two-thousand ten was â€Å"$67,720 annually† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages).However this statistic did not report the level of ed ucation held other than the title of registered nurse. Furthermore, nurses are held to a high standard to uphold to their duties and continue to give accurate, compassionate and safe care to all patients. Nevertheless, nurses play many roles other than a care-taker or pill pusher, they are expected to know about possible medication interactions that could harm a patient since they are the last line of protection for patient. Nurses have also been trained to think critically in times of crisis and to intervene with life-saving interventions without the supervision of a physician.Many of the â€Å"hazards on the job, include blood and body fluid exposure as well as musculoskeletal injuries related to ergonomic hazard from lifting and repetitive tasks† (Stone et al. 1984). During times of busy patient demands, nurses may also run the risk of harm to themselves, especially during the administration of an injection that could cause a needle puncture that may potentially be from an infected needle, or come in contact with the splashing of body fluids on exposed skin.However, many hospitals have currently up-graded equipment to help prevent unwanted needle stick exposures through the use of needle free systems, but there is still work to be done to keep nurses and patients safe. Furthermore, nurses may also be exposed to occupational injuries while lifting a patient in bed, or when a patient falls on a staff member and injures them in the same turn as well. Obviously some hospitals have improved the safety for staff, and patients with the use of lifts or ssistive devices, but time maybe of essence. With this in mind, the physical and mental demands of the nursing profession may take a toll on a person’s body, or it may potentially provoke thoughts of a career change from the risks involved. However, since nurses are also held accountable for mistakes made even when times are proven difficult, in hind sight turn this could potentially create a stressful environment full of expectations without satisfaction.Furthermore, â€Å"nurses’ working conditions have been associated with medication errors and falls, increased deaths, and spread of infection, but nurses report making more errors when working shifts greater than twelve hours, working overtime, or working more than forty hours per week† (Stone et al. 1984). In some hospitals nurses are given an assigned number of patients to care for, but patients are coming into the hospitals’ sicker than in previous years which can create a dilemma when assigning patient care.Some hospitals’ have been designated as a Magnet hospital where the maximum ratio is one nurse to five patients which could help ease some demands to be able to provide better care to patients, but this trend is still new to some healthcare systems. On a typical working shift nurses are responsible for medication administration, physical assessments and general care of the patient, but during t imes of staffing shortage nurses may have to provide all the care for all assigned patients.Generally speaking, nurses care for four to eight patients per shift while â€Å"an additional patient within this range was associated with a seven percent increase in the odds of dying within thirty days of admission and a seven percent increase in the odds of death following complications such as shock or pneumonia† (Keenen 1). In addition patients have a greater risk of infection due to lack of adequate infection control from proper hand washing by healthcare staff when staffing shortages occur.When nurses are held accountable for a certain number of patients, and one person falls out of bed down the hall while they were getting another patient up to the bathroom can create an unsafe and unsatisfactory environment for all involved parties that in turn can cause higher morbidity in patients. With a stressful environment and combined fear of making a mistake which would result in pun itive action against them, â€Å"the U. S. healthcare system contains a safety climate which blames individuals for errors instead of the system or organizational failures that may really be at fault† (Fox and Abrahamson 235).With that said, more nurses feel pressured to not make any mistakes instead of being human. However, when hospitals’ are dealing with staffing issues and nurses are not able to give proper attention to their patients this in turn could create a dangerous situation for patients that have an increased mortality risk due to complications or co morbidities. Studies have shown that staffing insufficiencies increase the mortality risk in patients due to the inability to adequately care and educate patients on complications such as pneumonia or bloods clots which can be proven fatal.Nurses are also expected to perform many tasks that include life saving techniques in critical situations, but in order to keep these individuals with these skills employed b y a specific facility it takes a clever approach to nursing retention. However, â€Å"research shows that nurses contribute heavily to the quality of patient care, reimbursement based upon performance outcomes would likely increase the economic value of nurses, thus improving wages, work environment and recruitment and retention† (Fox and Abrahamson 235).In the past, when hospitals were dealing with nursing shortages some would offer a sign-on bonus or a contract to pay for a portion of education expenses as an incentive to attract employees for difficult to recruit positions such as night shifts. Due to cost constraints some facilities were beginning to do away with sign-on bonuses and offer other assistance after a specific time period of employment. On the contrary, most facilities do not recognize nurses with compensation based on performance other than an increase in cost of living wages, but could benefit further through increased recognition programs.Since World War II the nursing profession had always been a female dominant profession until now, with the addition and encouragement of male nurses in the profession. Most patients saw nursing as a female dominant profession due the delicate nature of caring for sick patients and the need for gentle interactions and nurturing. Furthermore, working conditions were often poorer in nursing with a predominately female occupation.During times of economic recession more nurses were choosing to work, or continue employment to help meet the financial expectations of their households especially in times when other family members are facing a layoff or furlough. Although when the economy improves the shift of nurses actively working may change and create an even bigger nursing shortage while some may change careers or retire all together. Furthermore, with the introduction of men in nursing things have begun to change and more and more men were joining the nursing profession for career stability and advanceme nt opportunities in an already female dominant profession.A man named James Derham â€Å"in 1783 who was a slave earned money to buy his freedom by working as a nurse† making him the first male nurse (Bonair and Philipsen 19). Nursing schools began offering scholarships to male nursing students as a way to attract more people to the nursing profession. With men in a female dominant profession they were making up â€Å"five to ten percent of the workforce in the UK, USA and Canada† while in the nursing profession they were more likely to be promoted into leadership roles (Brown 120).Male nurses generally started a nursing career at a younger age compared to their female counter parts. As working nurses were getting older many of them were planning for retirement at a time when a majority of people were retiring with the baby-boomer generation. More and more people began to choose a nursing career later in life, so consequently most nurses ended up retiring earlier due t o the strains of the job or age factors. Consequently, the average age of nursing students graduating was thirty-one, while the average age of the working nurse is forty-six years old.Due to the popularity of nursing for some it is becoming a second career for individuals after many years of employment in other fields such as business, or computer industries that have had many changes and layoffs that contributed to the employment shift. With this new employment shift new nurses that began a nursing career as older adults are not working in the field as long and retiring sooner. Furthermore with the short periods of nursing employment, this again creates problems with fixing the nursing shortage across the country.Now that the factors of the nursing shortage have been described in detail, the next discussion will be about ways to fix the nursing shortage problem in America from the faculty shortage to loan forgiveness programs. If America is going to get out of the nursing shortage crisis the first step is to address the shortage of educators, and nursing faculty that teach and train the future nursing students. In order to create an interest in teaching there needs to be some changes with regards to income levels, and more education assistance to give nurses the ability to increase their knowledge. Some hospitals ffer opportunities to take a leave of absence from their jobs to pursue further education options without the fear of job loss. However, this in turn would not only be an asset to the individual but the facility as well that encouraged their employees to seek more education. Another factor in the nursing shortage is the number of clinical sites needed to give adequate clinical experiences for nurses to learn in. In hospitals today nursing schools generally have clinical experiences five days a week instead of an additional two days on the weekend to meet more needs of clinical experience time.By offering the additional two days per week, nursing stud ents would meet their clinical expectations ahead of schedule therefore they could graduate earlier and begin nursing practice sooner. This in turn would help to ease the shortage of trained nurses sooner and decrease the waitlist time for entrance into nursing school. In order to attract more nurses to continue advancing their education there needs to be more monetary compensation to pay for the cost of education in order to encourage more nurses to advance into teaching.Furthermore in order for the healthcare system and colleges to meet the recruitment demands and the shortage requirements there needs to be some collaboration between facilities for education and tuition assistance. Consequently to address the aging of the nursing faculty, more people need to be encouraged to continue their education without any lapse of time after graduation. Nevertheless, since most nurses cannot afford to pay for the higher expenses of college and continue to work then only a selected few would advance their education.However, some nurses may choose not to continue their education due to conflicts with work schedules and family, unless there was some loan assistance or forgiveness program widely used. The United States currently has loan forgiveness programs that pay the entire amount of the loan after requirements are met. Furthermore, after a nurse has completed two years of service in a hospital then they can apply for the loan forgiveness program that may take up to six months before a decision is made, and only a limited number of individuals are selected.In addition, if the United States invested in more healthcare facilities and offered more loan assistance and scholarships then people would be more attracted to the nursing profession and possibly reduce the nursing shortage. In conclusion, after discussing the many challenges that the nursing profession faces, it is still considered a highly respected field by many but may not be the choice for everyone. However, u ntil the United States aggressively pursues a solution to the nursing shortage, better wages, and working conditions, then healthcare reform will define the critical needs of nurses that may end up costing more lives than money.In the end, if the nursing shortage continues, it could be catastrophic to American society at a time when healthcare has made so many advances to increase the life expectancy rate. Works Cited â€Å"2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing. † Fact Sheet-Nursing Shortage (2011). . Bonair, Jennifer, and Nayna Philipsen. â€Å"Men in Nursing: Addressing the Nursing Workforce Shortage and Our History. † Maryland Nurse.CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 10. 3 (May-July 2009): 19. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Brown, Brian. â€Å"Men in nursing: Re-evaluating masculinities, re-evaluation gender. † Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 33. 2 (20 09): 129. Web. 29 Oct. 2011 Fox, Rebekah L. , and Kathleen Abrahamson. â€Å"A Critical Examination of the U. S. Nursing Shortage: Contributing Factors, Public Policy Implications. † Nursing Forum. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 44. 4 (Oct-Dec. 2009): 244. Web. Sept. 2011.Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections. AACC, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. . Keenen, Patricia. â€Å"The Nursing Workforce Shortage: Causes, Consequences, Proposed Solutions. † Issue Brief. CINHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, (2003): 6. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. McHugh, Matthew D. â€Å"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Public Health Emergency Preparedness: Implications for Policy. † Public Health Nursing. 27. 5 (Sept/Oct 2010): 449.CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Stone, Patricia w. , et al. â€Å"Nurses' Working Conditions: Implications for Infectious Disease. † Emerging Infectious Diseases 10. 11 (2004): 1989. We b. 28 Sept. 2011. . The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorado's Health Care Workforce. Colorado Center for Nursing Excellence, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. . U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Occupation: Registered Nurses. http://data. bls. gov, May 2010. Web. 1 Nov. 2011.

Anthony Thompson Essays - Religion, Vaishnavism, Hinduism

Anthony Thompson Essays - Religion, Vaishnavism, Hinduism Anthony Thompson 10/5/17 English 250 Research Analysis Paper "I am unstrung; my limbs collapse beneath me, and my mouth is dry, there is a trembling in my body, and my hair rises, bristling" The Gita, page 730. This scene contained within the passage "The Gita" demonstrates Arjuna on his quest. Like many Epic/Tragic stories within Hindu culture, each story contains a central message, or reveals something about Ancient Indian/Hindu life and culture. Whether that message is provoked through death, victory, or the entire conquest/passage as a whole, something can be gained by the reader. The Epic of The Gita reveals that your duty in life is what's most important, and what the God's favor within Hindu culture. Along with revealing what will happen to your life if a person does not follow their duty. In this essay, I will elaborate and dissect on how the Gita reveals duty as a central message within Hindu culture. In the beginning of the story Arjuna is seen at a crossroads right before battle. Here Arjuna delivers to the audience a tone of confusion and doubt within his purpose/duty. "O handsome haired one I foresee no good resulting from slaughtering my own kin" The Gita, page 730. Arjuna in this epic is a warrior. Every warriors most beloved thing to do is battle, kill, and conquer. It's their entitlement/duty. Being that Arjuna chose to stop his chariot, halt the battle, and call upon the God Krishna for guidance shows separation on whether he should follow his duty or feed his desire of not killing his family and friends. According to David Webster from Desire and the transformation of living, " Hindu's view desire as something that we're better off without, they are well aware of the dangers that lie within desire". Krishna the all-knowing God now explains to Arjuna as to why he should not sympathize over worldly things. Krishna states "This man believes the one may kill; That man believes it may be killed; both of them lack understanding; it can neither kill nor be killed." Page, 733. What he means by this is that although the physical body may pass from this earth, their souls will be reincarnated. According to BBC, "Hindus believethat a person's atman (spirit) is permanent and cannot change while the physical body is not permanent andcanchange. The atman is reborn many times, this is samsara (reincarnation)". This is where your duty (according to Hindu culture) determines your caste system during reincarnation. Krishna the all-knowing God urges Arjuna to leave behind his desire of empathy and attachment because of these reasons. Such desires distract and diter you from your purpose on earth. On page 733, Krishna states "If you turn from your righteous warfare, your behavior will be evil, for you will have abandoned both your duty and your honored name". Krishna is now clearly demonstrating/educating to Arjuna that if he abandons his duty, and chooses desire over all else, then he will be cursed. According to Berkley University, "For Hindus, dharma is the moral order of the universe and a code of living that embodies the fundamental principles of law, religion, and duty that governs all reality. The Hindu worldview asserts that is one by following one's dharma, a person can eventually achieve liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara). https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/dharma-hinduism https://books.google.com/books?id=GLPGFoLED7sCpg=PA190lpg=PA190dq=hindu+views+on+desiresource=blots=5SplSLkk81sig=eVn8SkG112qBfNRg3cGs066yajUhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjy-Jy5v-fWAhWJ1CYKHV_8AmoQ6AEITTAG#v=onepageq=hindu%20views%20on%20desiref=false https://www.ancient.eu/Bhagavad_Gita/

Nurses Role in Care of Obese Children Essay

Nurses Role in Care of Obese Children Essay Nurses Role in Taking Care of Obese Children Essay Nurses Role in Taking Care of Obese Children Essay Childhood Obesity and the Professional Nurses Role In recent years, many scientists and doctors around the world became concerned about the problem of childhood obesity because it is a growing threat to the health of the younger generation. Notably, there is a variety of factors of childhood obesity which point to the roots of the problem. Thus, a nurse’s role in taking care of obese children is pivotal since obesity needs long-term treatment. The Problem of Childhood Obesity in the USA The problem of childhood obesity has recently become a major concern of pediatricians in all parts of the developed world. Modern children exercise less though they eat a lot of high-calorie foods. This leads to fat deposition and, as a result, body weight increases due to adipose tissue. Adipose tissue can be concentrated in places of physiological deposits, breasts, thighs, etc. It can be a catalyst for different health problems and a variety of psychological issues. Childhood obesity may cause diabetes, hypertension, depression, complexes, insecurity and other disorders associated with being overweight. Statistics on obesity are different in many countries. However, data on childhood obesity in the United States accurately reflect the actual situation. According to official statistics, 68% of the US population suffer from excess weight. Over the past 15 years, the number of obese children has increased threefold. Thus, many pediatricians suggest the existence of serious health problem. In America, every second child is obese. 17% of children older than two years are obese. It should be noted that every fourth child is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome while every fifth young person has arterial hypertension. In addition, 17% of children suffer from the diseases of the thyroid gland whereas 6% have chronic gastroduodenitis (World Health Organization, 2012). 40% of overweight children are diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, statistics confirm that obesity in children is a health problem which needs immediate treatment. Physical, Social, and Psychological Factors that Cause Childhood Obesity Nowadays, the number of obese children is much higher than it was 10 years ago. Doctors associate the reason for this change with numerous physical, social, and psychological factors. Physical factors include early transition from breastfeeding to the usage of breast-milk substitutes, hereditary predisposition, endocrine diseases where fat formation prevails over its consumption, hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function), hypogonadism, and various lesions of the hypothalamus that controls endocrine glands. Trauma obtained during childbearing, prolonged maternity, infection, and other issues are the main reasons for damaging the hypothalamus. However, physiological factors do not have enormous impact on childhood obesity compared to psychological ones. At the same time, various psychological factors contribute to the development of physiological causes of obesity. For example, a child may be forced to eat more and move less. Psychological factors are internal. They include depressive perception of reality which results in the uncontrolled consumption of food that makes the world brighter, getting considerable pleasure from taking food, which turns into lust, and psychological dependence. The most crucial psychological factor is the formation of irregular eating habits. It includes feeding in a reluctant manner and others (European Union, 2014). Social factors are mostly external. They include peers rejection because of the problems with appearance, the cult of food in the family, etc. The cult of food as well as frequent and uncontrolled feeding of children makes them obese. The major social factor is the presentation of food as a reward or encouragement. For example, the mothers words: If you behave well, I will give you a candy subsequently lead to emotional eating. Physical, Social, and Psychological Consequences of Obesity in Children Children and teenagers suffer serious consequences caused by obesity. Physical issues include tendency to high blood pressure and gallbladder disease, especially the formation of gallstones, distinct defects in the motor system, flat feet, X-looked legs, hunched back, hyperlordosis, weak abdominal muscles and others. In addition, obese children often get short term rash, eczema, different injuries and burns (due to the fact that they are less mobile), inflammation of the airways, and constipation. What is more, boys may have delayed sexual development while girls experience menstrual irregularities. Nevertheless, with normalization of body weight, most of these problems can be avoided. Psychological consequences are all long term and include less autonomy and assertiveness, greater reliance on family, emotional immaturity as well as lack of strong will to adhere to the weight loss regime. It should be noted that parents usually provide background for these consequences. As a matter of fact, an obese child is the only child in the family or he/she is from a single-parent family, where he/she becomes the subject of increased concerns. Such children are less hardened, and they pay much attention to their malaise. Social consequences include peer rejection in the school and long term inability to build social relationships. Obesity before puberty does not harm children’s social interaction. At puberty, obese children begin to experience various difficulties in social life. In case of depression or adverse situation, 75% of obese children seek solace in food while only 9% of children with normal weight do it (European Union, 2014). Obese teenagers feel their difference from other children. As a result, it is difficult for them to tolerate. They suffer from an inferiority complex, avoid companies, dancing and sports. Thus, physical effects can be both short and long term whereas social and psychological ones are mainly long term. Therefore, the urgency of providing professional help to obese children is obvious. Teaching Plan for a Professional Nurse For the selection of the optimal therapy and treatment of obesity, a nurse needs to consider all the factors and causes of its development. In case obesity is chronic, treatment should not be short term; it should be permanent. One of the features of proper treatment of obesity is a systematic decrease in the initial body weight by 5-10%. Gradual weight loss can not only reduce obesity but also combat the number of diseases that adversely affect the health of a child. At the same time, the professional nurses role in the process of treatment of obese child is difficult to overestimate. It is highlighted in the teaching plan for a nurse. The plan includes the following positions: 1. General care issues and the theory of obesity: The significance of nursing for the obese children. Organization of nosotrophy. Deontological aspects of childhood obesity treatment (professional duties of a nurse, scope of his/her activities, morality of nurse’s actions). Physiological, psychological, and social aspects of obesity. Etiology (alimentary, endocrine, and cerebral reasons behind obesity). Predisposing factors of obesity (sedentary lifestyle, increased activity of the enzymes of lipogenesis, decreased enzyme activity of lipolysis, increased intake of digestible carbohydrates, endocrine disease, susceptibility to stress, lack of sleep, usage of psychotropic drugs, etc.). The pathogenesis of obesity does not depend on its cause. Excessive consumption of food high in carbohydrates causes hyperinsulinism. Hypoglycemia makes a child feel hungry. Insulin is the principal lipogenetic hormone, which has anabolic effects and influences the synthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue. The clinical picture of an obese child (diagnosis of diseases associated with obesity). The classification of obesity, anamnesis (a) exogenous constitutional obesity (primary, alimentary and constitutive): gynoid (gluteal-femoral, bottom type), and android (abdominal, visceral, upper class). (b) Secondary obesity (with a genetic defect (including some genetic syndromes with multiple organ lesions)); cerebral (hypophyseal syndrome, systemic dissemination of lesions, infectious diseases, endocrine disorders (hypothalamic disease, pituitary, adrenal disease), and iatrogenic diseases (caused by taking certain drugs). 2. Medical institution and organization of its work: The main types of health care institutions. The organization of in-patient facility and reception. Sanitization and transportation of obese children. Organization of therapeutic department. Sanitary schedule and its value. 3. Taking care of personal hygiene of obese children: The positioning of a patient, tilting bed equipment. Preparation of the sickbed. Change of bed sheets and underwear. Tackling urine incontinence. External hygiene, skin/hair care, etc. 4. Nutrition of obese children. Dietetics: Basic principles of clinical nutrition of obese child. Organization of the nutrition, psychological impact of dietetics. Creation of a negative energy balance. Females should reduce calorie intake by 500-1200 kcal per day while males should lower it by 1500 kcal per day. This lack of energy will provide weight loss of 0.5-1 kg per week. The amount of protein can be increased, comparing with physiological norms, to 1.5 g/kg of ideal body weight, which is important for maintaining the activity of the enzyme in lipolysis and prevention of fatty liver. A nurse should control a diet: a patient has to consume proteins of animal origin and eat enough vegetables. Artificial nutrition. 5. Observation of the obese febrile patients: Measurement of body temperature, the usage of thermometers. Fever, its types. Features of care of febrile obese children. Methods of influence on blood circulation: compresses, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy, etc. 6. Treatment of obesity: 6.1. Non-drug methods (diet therapy, increasing physical activity short-term activity ensures consumption of liver glycogen and long-term activity guarantees the involvement of fat stores). 6.2. Drug methods. Prescription, storage and administration of medicine to obese children. Methods of drug administration and injections. Complications after injections and their prevention. Other features of observation of children suffering from obesity. 6.3. Surgical methods (gastric bypass, gastric banding, local liposuction, etc. The latter method is promoted by beauticians and regarded as a one-stage decision. However, the weight lost as a result of liposuction is restored in case of absence of lifestyle change. Therefore, such a procedure does not have a strategic value.). 7. Sequels, preventive measures. Metabolic syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diabetes of 2 type, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hernias, cancers and osteoarthritis can be caused by obesity. Primary and secondary preventive measures should be taken. At the same time, the role of nurses in the implementation of preventive measures is vital. The first step is the following: parents need to understand the importance of proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. A nurse needs to educate the child about adequate dietary habits and organize his/her regime in an appropriate manner (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). The second step of nurse is to help a child develop an interest in physical culture and sports. The nurse can motivate parents to set an example of a healthy lifestyle. Childhood obesity is a serious problem in the American society. The significance of professional nurse’s role in the process of treatment of obese children is also confirmed with statistics. The analysis of genetics, formation of abnormal eating habits along with the promotion of food emphasizes the necessity of providing obese children with professional help to avoid different problems in the future.

IT'S AN AD,AD,AD,AD WORLD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT'S AN AD,AD,AD,AD WORLD - Essay Example One would ask 'why people switch to buying online rather than visiting stores and feeling the actual experience. Online Shopping is shopping you do online. There are sites that let you buy directly from manufacturers, online versions of regular retail stores, auctions, specialty sites, comparison sites, group buying sites and so on. With companies like e-bay and Amazon, life has become easier for the firms as these sites contain not just only catalogs but also information about the related products which the previous buyers had viewed or tagged before buying the particular product. This adds to the ease of making decision for the customer. Further such sites also allow giving technical support to both the firm and the customer. For example e-bay provides seller tools to help run a business more efficiently, such as 'Turbo Lister' and 'Selling Manager'. The world is changing rapidly and therefore it is an agile competition overall. Each organization requires a perfect strategic edge in order to maintain or improve its clientele. The Web is regarded as the database of databases and in current perspective it has eased the search criteria for every individual involved in buying or selling online. But the point raised is of quality, as so far, the quality sources are difficult to find unless you have the right to enter into the virtual libraries of this world. Since it is more feasible to buy online so one may wonder how easy it gets to buy online, you simply have to type in a word or a phrase which best describes what you are looking for. You can use the product name, manufacturer or type. After you enter your search words, you'll get a list of items matching your description. Here you can witness the resource description as it contains almost all information required for buying purposes. These catalogs allow you to have a feel of the actual equipment and also provide information about the complements (add-ons) you can apply to your product. Simply click on any link for get more specifics. Many businesses have online catalogs. First you need to log on to any desirable site and the next thing you would do is, simply search for the product and make a decision. Firms have been using different strategies in order to attain a higher market share. They, not only advertise using the mainstream Web applications but also acquire information of users from different sites that have member areas, however these sites only provide data of those members who are willing to be public. The firms use this data and attract customers by sending them e-mails which carry the producers' taglines and the links to the ordering sites. This is rather a direct marketing tool used by firms and it has great potential in delivering quality ads to the target customers but the problem is of privacy infringement and therefore only a small number of persons contacted respond to these e-mails. The main forms of ads present on the Web are in forums, blogs, main pages, search engines and reference sites. In these ads, only the main content is highlighted that is they become more appealing to everyone. These ads attract about 1 out of the 20 visitors who would go for the product and view its features. Producers expose there products on the global stratum thereby attracting different people form different cultures. These ads

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression Research Paper

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression - Research Paper Example   It is evidently clear from the discussion that the international law provides a three-part test that is useful in assessing limits on freedom of expression. On various occasions, the international courts responsible for overseeing international human right treaties have elaborated the three-part test through judgments. In addition, national courts have also been useful in elaborating the exact meaning of the test for limitation of freedom  of expression. The right to freedom of expression is assured in exact terms by the article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, and the article 19 (2) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The three regional human rights treaties; the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human rights give an assurance for freedom of expression on Articles 13, 9, and 10 respectively. There is no doubt that the right to freedom of expression is of great importance. During the first session of the United Nations General Assembly, it was made clear that the freedom of information is an essential human right. In addition, t was made clear that the right forms the basis of all the other rights. Laws regarding freedom of expression Regional court, national courts, and other related organizations across the world have reaffirmed that indeed the freedom of information is the foundation of all other rights. The Inter-American court of human rights has pointed out that freedom of expression forms the foundation for the existence of a democratic society. The other reaffirmation is from the European Court human rights, which points out that the freedom of expression forms an essential foundation for democratic societies. It further goes on to state that the right is among the basic conditions that are necessary for its development and that of human beings. The African Commission on Human and peoples’ rights points out that Ar ticle 9 is an indication that freedom of expression remains a basic human right. It further adds that the right is essential for personal development, individual political consciousness, and engaging in the performance of public affairs in the home country. One notable fact is that freedom of expression is not complete, and there are limitations to it provided by every system of law. The Article 19(3) of the ICCPR stipulates that limitations to the right to freedom of expression should be on grounds of respect of the rights or status of others. The other provision is on the grounds of protecting the national security, maintaining public order or protecting public health. International assurances on the right to freedom of expression have several essential features. To begin with, opinions are completely protected by Article 19(1) of the ICCPR. This implies that it is allowed to think evil, but giving expressions on evil thoughts warrants a sanction. The right to freedom of expressio n is for everyone. Therefore, it must be protected without any discrimination on the basis of gender, race, religion, color, language, political or factors that may lead to discrimination. The right also applies to ideas and information of any kind so long as the ideas or information may be communicated. The right also takes into consideration factually incorrect statements and opinions that seem to lack merit or offensive statements.